Extracellular vesicles: unlocking therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles released by cells, carrying a mix of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosomes are a subtype of EVs that range from 30 to 150 nm in size. They are pivotal in cell communication, influencing health and disease. EVs have diverse therapeutic and diagnostic applications, including drug delivery, cell-free vaccines, and biomarkers, given their ability to cross biological barriers and mirror the state of their source cells. In regenerative medicine, EVs from various sources like stem cells, plants, plasma, and milk are studied for their potential in tissue repair and disease treatment. They offer promising avenues for conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and organ failure. However, challenges like standardization and scalability must be addressed for their clinical use. This chapter covers the properties, clinical applications, and market potential of EVs in regenerative medicine, highlighting both opportunities and hurdles in this advancing field.